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Travis seems to be having issues pulling deps, so we'll have to check in
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Solly Ross 2018-07-13 17:31:57 -04:00
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language: go

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# BTree implementation for Go
![Travis CI Build Status](https://api.travis-ci.org/google/btree.svg?branch=master)
This package provides an in-memory B-Tree implementation for Go, useful as
an ordered, mutable data structure.
The API is based off of the wonderful
http://godoc.org/github.com/petar/GoLLRB/llrb, and is meant to allow btree to
act as a drop-in replacement for gollrb trees.
See http://godoc.org/github.com/google/btree for documentation.

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// Copyright 2014 Google Inc.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
// Package btree implements in-memory B-Trees of arbitrary degree.
//
// btree implements an in-memory B-Tree for use as an ordered data structure.
// It is not meant for persistent storage solutions.
//
// It has a flatter structure than an equivalent red-black or other binary tree,
// which in some cases yields better memory usage and/or performance.
// See some discussion on the matter here:
// http://google-opensource.blogspot.com/2013/01/c-containers-that-save-memory-and-time.html
// Note, though, that this project is in no way related to the C++ B-Tree
// implementation written about there.
//
// Within this tree, each node contains a slice of items and a (possibly nil)
// slice of children. For basic numeric values or raw structs, this can cause
// efficiency differences when compared to equivalent C++ template code that
// stores values in arrays within the node:
// * Due to the overhead of storing values as interfaces (each
// value needs to be stored as the value itself, then 2 words for the
// interface pointing to that value and its type), resulting in higher
// memory use.
// * Since interfaces can point to values anywhere in memory, values are
// most likely not stored in contiguous blocks, resulting in a higher
// number of cache misses.
// These issues don't tend to matter, though, when working with strings or other
// heap-allocated structures, since C++-equivalent structures also must store
// pointers and also distribute their values across the heap.
//
// This implementation is designed to be a drop-in replacement to gollrb.LLRB
// trees, (http://github.com/petar/gollrb), an excellent and probably the most
// widely used ordered tree implementation in the Go ecosystem currently.
// Its functions, therefore, exactly mirror those of
// llrb.LLRB where possible. Unlike gollrb, though, we currently don't
// support storing multiple equivalent values.
package btree
import (
"fmt"
"io"
"sort"
"strings"
"sync"
)
// Item represents a single object in the tree.
type Item interface {
// Less tests whether the current item is less than the given argument.
//
// This must provide a strict weak ordering.
// If !a.Less(b) && !b.Less(a), we treat this to mean a == b (i.e. we can only
// hold one of either a or b in the tree).
Less(than Item) bool
}
const (
DefaultFreeListSize = 32
)
var (
nilItems = make(items, 16)
nilChildren = make(children, 16)
)
// FreeList represents a free list of btree nodes. By default each
// BTree has its own FreeList, but multiple BTrees can share the same
// FreeList.
// Two Btrees using the same freelist are safe for concurrent write access.
type FreeList struct {
mu sync.Mutex
freelist []*node
}
// NewFreeList creates a new free list.
// size is the maximum size of the returned free list.
func NewFreeList(size int) *FreeList {
return &FreeList{freelist: make([]*node, 0, size)}
}
func (f *FreeList) newNode() (n *node) {
f.mu.Lock()
index := len(f.freelist) - 1
if index < 0 {
f.mu.Unlock()
return new(node)
}
n = f.freelist[index]
f.freelist[index] = nil
f.freelist = f.freelist[:index]
f.mu.Unlock()
return
}
// freeNode adds the given node to the list, returning true if it was added
// and false if it was discarded.
func (f *FreeList) freeNode(n *node) (out bool) {
f.mu.Lock()
if len(f.freelist) < cap(f.freelist) {
f.freelist = append(f.freelist, n)
out = true
}
f.mu.Unlock()
return
}
// ItemIterator allows callers of Ascend* to iterate in-order over portions of
// the tree. When this function returns false, iteration will stop and the
// associated Ascend* function will immediately return.
type ItemIterator func(i Item) bool
// New creates a new B-Tree with the given degree.
//
// New(2), for example, will create a 2-3-4 tree (each node contains 1-3 items
// and 2-4 children).
func New(degree int) *BTree {
return NewWithFreeList(degree, NewFreeList(DefaultFreeListSize))
}
// NewWithFreeList creates a new B-Tree that uses the given node free list.
func NewWithFreeList(degree int, f *FreeList) *BTree {
if degree <= 1 {
panic("bad degree")
}
return &BTree{
degree: degree,
cow: &copyOnWriteContext{freelist: f},
}
}
// items stores items in a node.
type items []Item
// insertAt inserts a value into the given index, pushing all subsequent values
// forward.
func (s *items) insertAt(index int, item Item) {
*s = append(*s, nil)
if index < len(*s) {
copy((*s)[index+1:], (*s)[index:])
}
(*s)[index] = item
}
// removeAt removes a value at a given index, pulling all subsequent values
// back.
func (s *items) removeAt(index int) Item {
item := (*s)[index]
copy((*s)[index:], (*s)[index+1:])
(*s)[len(*s)-1] = nil
*s = (*s)[:len(*s)-1]
return item
}
// pop removes and returns the last element in the list.
func (s *items) pop() (out Item) {
index := len(*s) - 1
out = (*s)[index]
(*s)[index] = nil
*s = (*s)[:index]
return
}
// truncate truncates this instance at index so that it contains only the
// first index items. index must be less than or equal to length.
func (s *items) truncate(index int) {
var toClear items
*s, toClear = (*s)[:index], (*s)[index:]
for len(toClear) > 0 {
toClear = toClear[copy(toClear, nilItems):]
}
}
// find returns the index where the given item should be inserted into this
// list. 'found' is true if the item already exists in the list at the given
// index.
func (s items) find(item Item) (index int, found bool) {
i := sort.Search(len(s), func(i int) bool {
return item.Less(s[i])
})
if i > 0 && !s[i-1].Less(item) {
return i - 1, true
}
return i, false
}
// children stores child nodes in a node.
type children []*node
// insertAt inserts a value into the given index, pushing all subsequent values
// forward.
func (s *children) insertAt(index int, n *node) {
*s = append(*s, nil)
if index < len(*s) {
copy((*s)[index+1:], (*s)[index:])
}
(*s)[index] = n
}
// removeAt removes a value at a given index, pulling all subsequent values
// back.
func (s *children) removeAt(index int) *node {
n := (*s)[index]
copy((*s)[index:], (*s)[index+1:])
(*s)[len(*s)-1] = nil
*s = (*s)[:len(*s)-1]
return n
}
// pop removes and returns the last element in the list.
func (s *children) pop() (out *node) {
index := len(*s) - 1
out = (*s)[index]
(*s)[index] = nil
*s = (*s)[:index]
return
}
// truncate truncates this instance at index so that it contains only the
// first index children. index must be less than or equal to length.
func (s *children) truncate(index int) {
var toClear children
*s, toClear = (*s)[:index], (*s)[index:]
for len(toClear) > 0 {
toClear = toClear[copy(toClear, nilChildren):]
}
}
// node is an internal node in a tree.
//
// It must at all times maintain the invariant that either
// * len(children) == 0, len(items) unconstrained
// * len(children) == len(items) + 1
type node struct {
items items
children children
cow *copyOnWriteContext
}
func (n *node) mutableFor(cow *copyOnWriteContext) *node {
if n.cow == cow {
return n
}
out := cow.newNode()
if cap(out.items) >= len(n.items) {
out.items = out.items[:len(n.items)]
} else {
out.items = make(items, len(n.items), cap(n.items))
}
copy(out.items, n.items)
// Copy children
if cap(out.children) >= len(n.children) {
out.children = out.children[:len(n.children)]
} else {
out.children = make(children, len(n.children), cap(n.children))
}
copy(out.children, n.children)
return out
}
func (n *node) mutableChild(i int) *node {
c := n.children[i].mutableFor(n.cow)
n.children[i] = c
return c
}
// split splits the given node at the given index. The current node shrinks,
// and this function returns the item that existed at that index and a new node
// containing all items/children after it.
func (n *node) split(i int) (Item, *node) {
item := n.items[i]
next := n.cow.newNode()
next.items = append(next.items, n.items[i+1:]...)
n.items.truncate(i)
if len(n.children) > 0 {
next.children = append(next.children, n.children[i+1:]...)
n.children.truncate(i + 1)
}
return item, next
}
// maybeSplitChild checks if a child should be split, and if so splits it.
// Returns whether or not a split occurred.
func (n *node) maybeSplitChild(i, maxItems int) bool {
if len(n.children[i].items) < maxItems {
return false
}
first := n.mutableChild(i)
item, second := first.split(maxItems / 2)
n.items.insertAt(i, item)
n.children.insertAt(i+1, second)
return true
}
// insert inserts an item into the subtree rooted at this node, making sure
// no nodes in the subtree exceed maxItems items. Should an equivalent item be
// be found/replaced by insert, it will be returned.
func (n *node) insert(item Item, maxItems int) Item {
i, found := n.items.find(item)
if found {
out := n.items[i]
n.items[i] = item
return out
}
if len(n.children) == 0 {
n.items.insertAt(i, item)
return nil
}
if n.maybeSplitChild(i, maxItems) {
inTree := n.items[i]
switch {
case item.Less(inTree):
// no change, we want first split node
case inTree.Less(item):
i++ // we want second split node
default:
out := n.items[i]
n.items[i] = item
return out
}
}
return n.mutableChild(i).insert(item, maxItems)
}
// get finds the given key in the subtree and returns it.
func (n *node) get(key Item) Item {
i, found := n.items.find(key)
if found {
return n.items[i]
} else if len(n.children) > 0 {
return n.children[i].get(key)
}
return nil
}
// min returns the first item in the subtree.
func min(n *node) Item {
if n == nil {
return nil
}
for len(n.children) > 0 {
n = n.children[0]
}
if len(n.items) == 0 {
return nil
}
return n.items[0]
}
// max returns the last item in the subtree.
func max(n *node) Item {
if n == nil {
return nil
}
for len(n.children) > 0 {
n = n.children[len(n.children)-1]
}
if len(n.items) == 0 {
return nil
}
return n.items[len(n.items)-1]
}
// toRemove details what item to remove in a node.remove call.
type toRemove int
const (
removeItem toRemove = iota // removes the given item
removeMin // removes smallest item in the subtree
removeMax // removes largest item in the subtree
)
// remove removes an item from the subtree rooted at this node.
func (n *node) remove(item Item, minItems int, typ toRemove) Item {
var i int
var found bool
switch typ {
case removeMax:
if len(n.children) == 0 {
return n.items.pop()
}
i = len(n.items)
case removeMin:
if len(n.children) == 0 {
return n.items.removeAt(0)
}
i = 0
case removeItem:
i, found = n.items.find(item)
if len(n.children) == 0 {
if found {
return n.items.removeAt(i)
}
return nil
}
default:
panic("invalid type")
}
// If we get to here, we have children.
if len(n.children[i].items) <= minItems {
return n.growChildAndRemove(i, item, minItems, typ)
}
child := n.mutableChild(i)
// Either we had enough items to begin with, or we've done some
// merging/stealing, because we've got enough now and we're ready to return
// stuff.
if found {
// The item exists at index 'i', and the child we've selected can give us a
// predecessor, since if we've gotten here it's got > minItems items in it.
out := n.items[i]
// We use our special-case 'remove' call with typ=maxItem to pull the
// predecessor of item i (the rightmost leaf of our immediate left child)
// and set it into where we pulled the item from.
n.items[i] = child.remove(nil, minItems, removeMax)
return out
}
// Final recursive call. Once we're here, we know that the item isn't in this
// node and that the child is big enough to remove from.
return child.remove(item, minItems, typ)
}
// growChildAndRemove grows child 'i' to make sure it's possible to remove an
// item from it while keeping it at minItems, then calls remove to actually
// remove it.
//
// Most documentation says we have to do two sets of special casing:
// 1) item is in this node
// 2) item is in child
// In both cases, we need to handle the two subcases:
// A) node has enough values that it can spare one
// B) node doesn't have enough values
// For the latter, we have to check:
// a) left sibling has node to spare
// b) right sibling has node to spare
// c) we must merge
// To simplify our code here, we handle cases #1 and #2 the same:
// If a node doesn't have enough items, we make sure it does (using a,b,c).
// We then simply redo our remove call, and the second time (regardless of
// whether we're in case 1 or 2), we'll have enough items and can guarantee
// that we hit case A.
func (n *node) growChildAndRemove(i int, item Item, minItems int, typ toRemove) Item {
if i > 0 && len(n.children[i-1].items) > minItems {
// Steal from left child
child := n.mutableChild(i)
stealFrom := n.mutableChild(i - 1)
stolenItem := stealFrom.items.pop()
child.items.insertAt(0, n.items[i-1])
n.items[i-1] = stolenItem
if len(stealFrom.children) > 0 {
child.children.insertAt(0, stealFrom.children.pop())
}
} else if i < len(n.items) && len(n.children[i+1].items) > minItems {
// steal from right child
child := n.mutableChild(i)
stealFrom := n.mutableChild(i + 1)
stolenItem := stealFrom.items.removeAt(0)
child.items = append(child.items, n.items[i])
n.items[i] = stolenItem
if len(stealFrom.children) > 0 {
child.children = append(child.children, stealFrom.children.removeAt(0))
}
} else {
if i >= len(n.items) {
i--
}
child := n.mutableChild(i)
// merge with right child
mergeItem := n.items.removeAt(i)
mergeChild := n.children.removeAt(i + 1)
child.items = append(child.items, mergeItem)
child.items = append(child.items, mergeChild.items...)
child.children = append(child.children, mergeChild.children...)
n.cow.freeNode(mergeChild)
}
return n.remove(item, minItems, typ)
}
type direction int
const (
descend = direction(-1)
ascend = direction(+1)
)
// iterate provides a simple method for iterating over elements in the tree.
//
// When ascending, the 'start' should be less than 'stop' and when descending,
// the 'start' should be greater than 'stop'. Setting 'includeStart' to true
// will force the iterator to include the first item when it equals 'start',
// thus creating a "greaterOrEqual" or "lessThanEqual" rather than just a
// "greaterThan" or "lessThan" queries.
func (n *node) iterate(dir direction, start, stop Item, includeStart bool, hit bool, iter ItemIterator) (bool, bool) {
var ok bool
switch dir {
case ascend:
for i := 0; i < len(n.items); i++ {
if start != nil && n.items[i].Less(start) {
continue
}
if len(n.children) > 0 {
if hit, ok = n.children[i].iterate(dir, start, stop, includeStart, hit, iter); !ok {
return hit, false
}
}
if !includeStart && !hit && start != nil && !start.Less(n.items[i]) {
hit = true
continue
}
hit = true
if stop != nil && !n.items[i].Less(stop) {
return hit, false
}
if !iter(n.items[i]) {
return hit, false
}
}
if len(n.children) > 0 {
if hit, ok = n.children[len(n.children)-1].iterate(dir, start, stop, includeStart, hit, iter); !ok {
return hit, false
}
}
case descend:
for i := len(n.items) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
if start != nil && !n.items[i].Less(start) {
if !includeStart || hit || start.Less(n.items[i]) {
continue
}
}
if len(n.children) > 0 {
if hit, ok = n.children[i+1].iterate(dir, start, stop, includeStart, hit, iter); !ok {
return hit, false
}
}
if stop != nil && !stop.Less(n.items[i]) {
return hit, false // continue
}
hit = true
if !iter(n.items[i]) {
return hit, false
}
}
if len(n.children) > 0 {
if hit, ok = n.children[0].iterate(dir, start, stop, includeStart, hit, iter); !ok {
return hit, false
}
}
}
return hit, true
}
// Used for testing/debugging purposes.
func (n *node) print(w io.Writer, level int) {
fmt.Fprintf(w, "%sNODE:%v\n", strings.Repeat(" ", level), n.items)
for _, c := range n.children {
c.print(w, level+1)
}
}
// BTree is an implementation of a B-Tree.
//
// BTree stores Item instances in an ordered structure, allowing easy insertion,
// removal, and iteration.
//
// Write operations are not safe for concurrent mutation by multiple
// goroutines, but Read operations are.
type BTree struct {
degree int
length int
root *node
cow *copyOnWriteContext
}
// copyOnWriteContext pointers determine node ownership... a tree with a write
// context equivalent to a node's write context is allowed to modify that node.
// A tree whose write context does not match a node's is not allowed to modify
// it, and must create a new, writable copy (IE: it's a Clone).
//
// When doing any write operation, we maintain the invariant that the current
// node's context is equal to the context of the tree that requested the write.
// We do this by, before we descend into any node, creating a copy with the
// correct context if the contexts don't match.
//
// Since the node we're currently visiting on any write has the requesting
// tree's context, that node is modifiable in place. Children of that node may
// not share context, but before we descend into them, we'll make a mutable
// copy.
type copyOnWriteContext struct {
freelist *FreeList
}
// Clone clones the btree, lazily. Clone should not be called concurrently,
// but the original tree (t) and the new tree (t2) can be used concurrently
// once the Clone call completes.
//
// The internal tree structure of b is marked read-only and shared between t and
// t2. Writes to both t and t2 use copy-on-write logic, creating new nodes
// whenever one of b's original nodes would have been modified. Read operations
// should have no performance degredation. Write operations for both t and t2
// will initially experience minor slow-downs caused by additional allocs and
// copies due to the aforementioned copy-on-write logic, but should converge to
// the original performance characteristics of the original tree.
func (t *BTree) Clone() (t2 *BTree) {
// Create two entirely new copy-on-write contexts.
// This operation effectively creates three trees:
// the original, shared nodes (old b.cow)
// the new b.cow nodes
// the new out.cow nodes
cow1, cow2 := *t.cow, *t.cow
out := *t
t.cow = &cow1
out.cow = &cow2
return &out
}
// maxItems returns the max number of items to allow per node.
func (t *BTree) maxItems() int {
return t.degree*2 - 1
}
// minItems returns the min number of items to allow per node (ignored for the
// root node).
func (t *BTree) minItems() int {
return t.degree - 1
}
func (c *copyOnWriteContext) newNode() (n *node) {
n = c.freelist.newNode()
n.cow = c
return
}
type freeType int
const (
ftFreelistFull freeType = iota // node was freed (available for GC, not stored in freelist)
ftStored // node was stored in the freelist for later use
ftNotOwned // node was ignored by COW, since it's owned by another one
)
// freeNode frees a node within a given COW context, if it's owned by that
// context. It returns what happened to the node (see freeType const
// documentation).
func (c *copyOnWriteContext) freeNode(n *node) freeType {
if n.cow == c {
// clear to allow GC
n.items.truncate(0)
n.children.truncate(0)
n.cow = nil
if c.freelist.freeNode(n) {
return ftStored
} else {
return ftFreelistFull
}
} else {
return ftNotOwned
}
}
// ReplaceOrInsert adds the given item to the tree. If an item in the tree
// already equals the given one, it is removed from the tree and returned.
// Otherwise, nil is returned.
//
// nil cannot be added to the tree (will panic).
func (t *BTree) ReplaceOrInsert(item Item) Item {
if item == nil {
panic("nil item being added to BTree")
}
if t.root == nil {
t.root = t.cow.newNode()
t.root.items = append(t.root.items, item)
t.length++
return nil
} else {
t.root = t.root.mutableFor(t.cow)
if len(t.root.items) >= t.maxItems() {
item2, second := t.root.split(t.maxItems() / 2)
oldroot := t.root
t.root = t.cow.newNode()
t.root.items = append(t.root.items, item2)
t.root.children = append(t.root.children, oldroot, second)
}
}
out := t.root.insert(item, t.maxItems())
if out == nil {
t.length++
}
return out
}
// Delete removes an item equal to the passed in item from the tree, returning
// it. If no such item exists, returns nil.
func (t *BTree) Delete(item Item) Item {
return t.deleteItem(item, removeItem)
}
// DeleteMin removes the smallest item in the tree and returns it.
// If no such item exists, returns nil.
func (t *BTree) DeleteMin() Item {
return t.deleteItem(nil, removeMin)
}
// DeleteMax removes the largest item in the tree and returns it.
// If no such item exists, returns nil.
func (t *BTree) DeleteMax() Item {
return t.deleteItem(nil, removeMax)
}
func (t *BTree) deleteItem(item Item, typ toRemove) Item {
if t.root == nil || len(t.root.items) == 0 {
return nil
}
t.root = t.root.mutableFor(t.cow)
out := t.root.remove(item, t.minItems(), typ)
if len(t.root.items) == 0 && len(t.root.children) > 0 {
oldroot := t.root
t.root = t.root.children[0]
t.cow.freeNode(oldroot)
}
if out != nil {
t.length--
}
return out
}
// AscendRange calls the iterator for every value in the tree within the range
// [greaterOrEqual, lessThan), until iterator returns false.
func (t *BTree) AscendRange(greaterOrEqual, lessThan Item, iterator ItemIterator) {
if t.root == nil {
return
}
t.root.iterate(ascend, greaterOrEqual, lessThan, true, false, iterator)
}
// AscendLessThan calls the iterator for every value in the tree within the range
// [first, pivot), until iterator returns false.
func (t *BTree) AscendLessThan(pivot Item, iterator ItemIterator) {
if t.root == nil {
return
}
t.root.iterate(ascend, nil, pivot, false, false, iterator)
}
// AscendGreaterOrEqual calls the iterator for every value in the tree within
// the range [pivot, last], until iterator returns false.
func (t *BTree) AscendGreaterOrEqual(pivot Item, iterator ItemIterator) {
if t.root == nil {
return
}
t.root.iterate(ascend, pivot, nil, true, false, iterator)
}
// Ascend calls the iterator for every value in the tree within the range
// [first, last], until iterator returns false.
func (t *BTree) Ascend(iterator ItemIterator) {
if t.root == nil {
return
}
t.root.iterate(ascend, nil, nil, false, false, iterator)
}
// DescendRange calls the iterator for every value in the tree within the range
// [lessOrEqual, greaterThan), until iterator returns false.
func (t *BTree) DescendRange(lessOrEqual, greaterThan Item, iterator ItemIterator) {
if t.root == nil {
return
}
t.root.iterate(descend, lessOrEqual, greaterThan, true, false, iterator)
}
// DescendLessOrEqual calls the iterator for every value in the tree within the range
// [pivot, first], until iterator returns false.
func (t *BTree) DescendLessOrEqual(pivot Item, iterator ItemIterator) {
if t.root == nil {
return
}
t.root.iterate(descend, pivot, nil, true, false, iterator)
}
// DescendGreaterThan calls the iterator for every value in the tree within
// the range (pivot, last], until iterator returns false.
func (t *BTree) DescendGreaterThan(pivot Item, iterator ItemIterator) {
if t.root == nil {
return
}
t.root.iterate(descend, nil, pivot, false, false, iterator)
}
// Descend calls the iterator for every value in the tree within the range
// [last, first], until iterator returns false.
func (t *BTree) Descend(iterator ItemIterator) {
if t.root == nil {
return
}
t.root.iterate(descend, nil, nil, false, false, iterator)
}
// Get looks for the key item in the tree, returning it. It returns nil if
// unable to find that item.
func (t *BTree) Get(key Item) Item {
if t.root == nil {
return nil
}
return t.root.get(key)
}
// Min returns the smallest item in the tree, or nil if the tree is empty.
func (t *BTree) Min() Item {
return min(t.root)
}
// Max returns the largest item in the tree, or nil if the tree is empty.
func (t *BTree) Max() Item {
return max(t.root)
}
// Has returns true if the given key is in the tree.
func (t *BTree) Has(key Item) bool {
return t.Get(key) != nil
}
// Len returns the number of items currently in the tree.
func (t *BTree) Len() int {
return t.length
}
// Clear removes all items from the btree. If addNodesToFreelist is true,
// t's nodes are added to its freelist as part of this call, until the freelist
// is full. Otherwise, the root node is simply dereferenced and the subtree
// left to Go's normal GC processes.
//
// This can be much faster
// than calling Delete on all elements, because that requires finding/removing
// each element in the tree and updating the tree accordingly. It also is
// somewhat faster than creating a new tree to replace the old one, because
// nodes from the old tree are reclaimed into the freelist for use by the new
// one, instead of being lost to the garbage collector.
//
// This call takes:
// O(1): when addNodesToFreelist is false, this is a single operation.
// O(1): when the freelist is already full, it breaks out immediately
// O(freelist size): when the freelist is empty and the nodes are all owned
// by this tree, nodes are added to the freelist until full.
// O(tree size): when all nodes are owned by another tree, all nodes are
// iterated over looking for nodes to add to the freelist, and due to
// ownership, none are.
func (t *BTree) Clear(addNodesToFreelist bool) {
if t.root != nil && addNodesToFreelist {
t.root.reset(t.cow)
}
t.root, t.length = nil, 0
}
// reset returns a subtree to the freelist. It breaks out immediately if the
// freelist is full, since the only benefit of iterating is to fill that
// freelist up. Returns true if parent reset call should continue.
func (n *node) reset(c *copyOnWriteContext) bool {
for _, child := range n.children {
if !child.reset(c) {
return false
}
}
return c.freeNode(n) != ftFreelistFull
}
// Int implements the Item interface for integers.
type Int int
// Less returns true if int(a) < int(b).
func (a Int) Less(b Item) bool {
return a < b.(Int)
}

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// Copyright 2014 Google Inc.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
// +build ignore
// This binary compares memory usage between btree and gollrb.
package main
import (
"flag"
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"runtime"
"time"
"github.com/google/btree"
"github.com/petar/GoLLRB/llrb"
)
var (
size = flag.Int("size", 1000000, "size of the tree to build")
degree = flag.Int("degree", 8, "degree of btree")
gollrb = flag.Bool("llrb", false, "use llrb instead of btree")
)
func main() {
flag.Parse()
vals := rand.Perm(*size)
var t, v interface{}
v = vals
var stats runtime.MemStats
for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
runtime.GC()
}
fmt.Println("-------- BEFORE ----------")
runtime.ReadMemStats(&stats)
fmt.Printf("%+v\n", stats)
start := time.Now()
if *gollrb {
tr := llrb.New()
for _, v := range vals {
tr.ReplaceOrInsert(llrb.Int(v))
}
t = tr // keep it around
} else {
tr := btree.New(*degree)
for _, v := range vals {
tr.ReplaceOrInsert(btree.Int(v))
}
t = tr // keep it around
}
fmt.Printf("%v inserts in %v\n", *size, time.Since(start))
fmt.Println("-------- AFTER ----------")
runtime.ReadMemStats(&stats)
fmt.Printf("%+v\n", stats)
for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
runtime.GC()
}
fmt.Println("-------- AFTER GC ----------")
runtime.ReadMemStats(&stats)
fmt.Printf("%+v\n", stats)
if t == v {
fmt.Println("to make sure vals and tree aren't GC'd")
}
}

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language: go
go:
- 1.4
- 1.3
- 1.2
- tip
install:
- if ! go get code.google.com/p/go.tools/cmd/cover; then go get golang.org/x/tools/cmd/cover; fi
script:
- go test -cover

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# How to contribute #
We'd love to accept your patches and contributions to this project. There are
a just a few small guidelines you need to follow.
## Contributor License Agreement ##
Contributions to any Google project must be accompanied by a Contributor
License Agreement. This is not a copyright **assignment**, it simply gives
Google permission to use and redistribute your contributions as part of the
project.
* If you are an individual writing original source code and you're sure you
own the intellectual property, then you'll need to sign an [individual
CLA][].
* If you work for a company that wants to allow you to contribute your work,
then you'll need to sign a [corporate CLA][].
You generally only need to submit a CLA once, so if you've already submitted
one (even if it was for a different project), you probably don't need to do it
again.
[individual CLA]: https://developers.google.com/open-source/cla/individual
[corporate CLA]: https://developers.google.com/open-source/cla/corporate
## Submitting a patch ##
1. It's generally best to start by opening a new issue describing the bug or
feature you're intending to fix. Even if you think it's relatively minor,
it's helpful to know what people are working on. Mention in the initial
issue that you are planning to work on that bug or feature so that it can
be assigned to you.
1. Follow the normal process of [forking][] the project, and setup a new
branch to work in. It's important that each group of changes be done in
separate branches in order to ensure that a pull request only includes the
commits related to that bug or feature.
1. Go makes it very simple to ensure properly formatted code, so always run
`go fmt` on your code before committing it. You should also run
[golint][] over your code. As noted in the [golint readme][], it's not
strictly necessary that your code be completely "lint-free", but this will
help you find common style issues.
1. Any significant changes should almost always be accompanied by tests. The
project already has good test coverage, so look at some of the existing
tests if you're unsure how to go about it. [gocov][] and [gocov-html][]
are invaluable tools for seeing which parts of your code aren't being
exercised by your tests.
1. Do your best to have [well-formed commit messages][] for each change.
This provides consistency throughout the project, and ensures that commit
messages are able to be formatted properly by various git tools.
1. Finally, push the commits to your fork and submit a [pull request][].
[forking]: https://help.github.com/articles/fork-a-repo
[golint]: https://github.com/golang/lint
[golint readme]: https://github.com/golang/lint/blob/master/README
[gocov]: https://github.com/axw/gocov
[gocov-html]: https://github.com/matm/gocov-html
[well-formed commit messages]: http://tbaggery.com/2008/04/19/a-note-about-git-commit-messages.html
[squash]: http://git-scm.com/book/en/Git-Tools-Rewriting-History#Squashing-Commits
[pull request]: https://help.github.com/articles/creating-a-pull-request

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Apache License
Version 2.0, January 2004
http://www.apache.org/licenses/
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gofuzz
======
gofuzz is a library for populating go objects with random values.
[![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/google/gofuzz?status.png)](https://godoc.org/github.com/google/gofuzz)
[![Travis](https://travis-ci.org/google/gofuzz.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/google/gofuzz)
This is useful for testing:
* Do your project's objects really serialize/unserialize correctly in all cases?
* Is there an incorrectly formatted object that will cause your project to panic?
Import with ```import "github.com/google/gofuzz"```
You can use it on single variables:
```go
f := fuzz.New()
var myInt int
f.Fuzz(&myInt) // myInt gets a random value.
```
You can use it on maps:
```go
f := fuzz.New().NilChance(0).NumElements(1, 1)
var myMap map[ComplexKeyType]string
f.Fuzz(&myMap) // myMap will have exactly one element.
```
Customize the chance of getting a nil pointer:
```go
f := fuzz.New().NilChance(.5)
var fancyStruct struct {
A, B, C, D *string
}
f.Fuzz(&fancyStruct) // About half the pointers should be set.
```
You can even customize the randomization completely if needed:
```go
type MyEnum string
const (
A MyEnum = "A"
B MyEnum = "B"
)
type MyInfo struct {
Type MyEnum
AInfo *string
BInfo *string
}
f := fuzz.New().NilChance(0).Funcs(
func(e *MyInfo, c fuzz.Continue) {
switch c.Intn(2) {
case 0:
e.Type = A
c.Fuzz(&e.AInfo)
case 1:
e.Type = B
c.Fuzz(&e.BInfo)
}
},
)
var myObject MyInfo
f.Fuzz(&myObject) // Type will correspond to whether A or B info is set.
```
See more examples in ```example_test.go```.
Happy testing!

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/*
Copyright 2014 Google Inc. All rights reserved.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/
// Package fuzz is a library for populating go objects with random values.
package fuzz

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/*
Copyright 2014 Google Inc. All rights reserved.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/
package fuzz
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"reflect"
"time"
)
// fuzzFuncMap is a map from a type to a fuzzFunc that handles that type.
type fuzzFuncMap map[reflect.Type]reflect.Value
// Fuzzer knows how to fill any object with random fields.
type Fuzzer struct {
fuzzFuncs fuzzFuncMap
defaultFuzzFuncs fuzzFuncMap
r *rand.Rand
nilChance float64
minElements int
maxElements int
maxDepth int
}
// New returns a new Fuzzer. Customize your Fuzzer further by calling Funcs,
// RandSource, NilChance, or NumElements in any order.
func New() *Fuzzer {
return NewWithSeed(time.Now().UnixNano())
}
func NewWithSeed(seed int64) *Fuzzer {
f := &Fuzzer{
defaultFuzzFuncs: fuzzFuncMap{
reflect.TypeOf(&time.Time{}): reflect.ValueOf(fuzzTime),
},
fuzzFuncs: fuzzFuncMap{},
r: rand.New(rand.NewSource(seed)),
nilChance: .2,
minElements: 1,
maxElements: 10,
maxDepth: 100,
}
return f
}
// Funcs adds each entry in fuzzFuncs as a custom fuzzing function.
//
// Each entry in fuzzFuncs must be a function taking two parameters.
// The first parameter must be a pointer or map. It is the variable that
// function will fill with random data. The second parameter must be a
// fuzz.Continue, which will provide a source of randomness and a way
// to automatically continue fuzzing smaller pieces of the first parameter.
//
// These functions are called sensibly, e.g., if you wanted custom string
// fuzzing, the function `func(s *string, c fuzz.Continue)` would get
// called and passed the address of strings. Maps and pointers will always
// be made/new'd for you, ignoring the NilChange option. For slices, it
// doesn't make much sense to pre-create them--Fuzzer doesn't know how
// long you want your slice--so take a pointer to a slice, and make it
// yourself. (If you don't want your map/pointer type pre-made, take a
// pointer to it, and make it yourself.) See the examples for a range of
// custom functions.
func (f *Fuzzer) Funcs(fuzzFuncs ...interface{}) *Fuzzer {
for i := range fuzzFuncs {
v := reflect.ValueOf(fuzzFuncs[i])
if v.Kind() != reflect.Func {
panic("Need only funcs!")
}
t := v.Type()
if t.NumIn() != 2 || t.NumOut() != 0 {
panic("Need 2 in and 0 out params!")
}
argT := t.In(0)
switch argT.Kind() {
case reflect.Ptr, reflect.Map:
default:
panic("fuzzFunc must take pointer or map type")
}
if t.In(1) != reflect.TypeOf(Continue{}) {
panic("fuzzFunc's second parameter must be type fuzz.Continue")
}
f.fuzzFuncs[argT] = v
}
return f
}
// RandSource causes f to get values from the given source of randomness.
// Use if you want deterministic fuzzing.
func (f *Fuzzer) RandSource(s rand.Source) *Fuzzer {
f.r = rand.New(s)
return f
}
// NilChance sets the probability of creating a nil pointer, map, or slice to
// 'p'. 'p' should be between 0 (no nils) and 1 (all nils), inclusive.
func (f *Fuzzer) NilChance(p float64) *Fuzzer {
if p < 0 || p > 1 {
panic("p should be between 0 and 1, inclusive.")
}
f.nilChance = p
return f
}
// NumElements sets the minimum and maximum number of elements that will be
// added to a non-nil map or slice.
func (f *Fuzzer) NumElements(atLeast, atMost int) *Fuzzer {
if atLeast > atMost {
panic("atLeast must be <= atMost")
}
if atLeast < 0 {
panic("atLeast must be >= 0")
}
f.minElements = atLeast
f.maxElements = atMost
return f
}
func (f *Fuzzer) genElementCount() int {
if f.minElements == f.maxElements {
return f.minElements
}
return f.minElements + f.r.Intn(f.maxElements-f.minElements+1)
}
func (f *Fuzzer) genShouldFill() bool {
return f.r.Float64() > f.nilChance
}
// MaxDepth sets the maximum number of recursive fuzz calls that will be made
// before stopping. This includes struct members, pointers, and map and slice
// elements.
func (f *Fuzzer) MaxDepth(d int) *Fuzzer {
f.maxDepth = d
return f
}
// Fuzz recursively fills all of obj's fields with something random. First
// this tries to find a custom fuzz function (see Funcs). If there is no
// custom function this tests whether the object implements fuzz.Interface and,
// if so, calls Fuzz on it to fuzz itself. If that fails, this will see if
// there is a default fuzz function provided by this package. If all of that
// fails, this will generate random values for all primitive fields and then
// recurse for all non-primitives.
//
// This is safe for cyclic or tree-like structs, up to a limit. Use the
// MaxDepth method to adjust how deep you need it to recurse.
//
// obj must be a pointer. Only exported (public) fields can be set (thanks,
// golang :/ ) Intended for tests, so will panic on bad input or unimplemented
// fields.
func (f *Fuzzer) Fuzz(obj interface{}) {
v := reflect.ValueOf(obj)
if v.Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
panic("needed ptr!")
}
v = v.Elem()
f.fuzzWithContext(v, 0)
}
// FuzzNoCustom is just like Fuzz, except that any custom fuzz function for
// obj's type will not be called and obj will not be tested for fuzz.Interface
// conformance. This applies only to obj and not other instances of obj's
// type.
// Not safe for cyclic or tree-like structs!
// obj must be a pointer. Only exported (public) fields can be set (thanks, golang :/ )
// Intended for tests, so will panic on bad input or unimplemented fields.
func (f *Fuzzer) FuzzNoCustom(obj interface{}) {
v := reflect.ValueOf(obj)
if v.Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
panic("needed ptr!")
}
v = v.Elem()
f.fuzzWithContext(v, flagNoCustomFuzz)
}
const (
// Do not try to find a custom fuzz function. Does not apply recursively.
flagNoCustomFuzz uint64 = 1 << iota
)
func (f *Fuzzer) fuzzWithContext(v reflect.Value, flags uint64) {
fc := &fuzzerContext{fuzzer: f}
fc.doFuzz(v, flags)
}
// fuzzerContext carries context about a single fuzzing run, which lets Fuzzer
// be thread-safe.
type fuzzerContext struct {
fuzzer *Fuzzer
curDepth int
}
func (fc *fuzzerContext) doFuzz(v reflect.Value, flags uint64) {
if fc.curDepth >= fc.fuzzer.maxDepth {
return
}
fc.curDepth++
defer func() { fc.curDepth-- }()
if !v.CanSet() {
return
}
if flags&flagNoCustomFuzz == 0 {
// Check for both pointer and non-pointer custom functions.
if v.CanAddr() && fc.tryCustom(v.Addr()) {
return
}
if fc.tryCustom(v) {
return
}
}
if fn, ok := fillFuncMap[v.Kind()]; ok {
fn(v, fc.fuzzer.r)
return
}
switch v.Kind() {
case reflect.Map:
if fc.fuzzer.genShouldFill() {
v.Set(reflect.MakeMap(v.Type()))
n := fc.fuzzer.genElementCount()
for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
key := reflect.New(v.Type().Key()).Elem()
fc.doFuzz(key, 0)
val := reflect.New(v.Type().Elem()).Elem()
fc.doFuzz(val, 0)
v.SetMapIndex(key, val)
}
return
}
v.Set(reflect.Zero(v.Type()))
case reflect.Ptr:
if fc.fuzzer.genShouldFill() {
v.Set(reflect.New(v.Type().Elem()))
fc.doFuzz(v.Elem(), 0)
return
}
v.Set(reflect.Zero(v.Type()))
case reflect.Slice:
if fc.fuzzer.genShouldFill() {
n := fc.fuzzer.genElementCount()
v.Set(reflect.MakeSlice(v.Type(), n, n))
for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
fc.doFuzz(v.Index(i), 0)
}
return
}
v.Set(reflect.Zero(v.Type()))
case reflect.Array:
if fc.fuzzer.genShouldFill() {
n := v.Len()
for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
fc.doFuzz(v.Index(i), 0)
}
return
}
v.Set(reflect.Zero(v.Type()))
case reflect.Struct:
for i := 0; i < v.NumField(); i++ {
fc.doFuzz(v.Field(i), 0)
}
case reflect.Chan:
fallthrough
case reflect.Func:
fallthrough
case reflect.Interface:
fallthrough
default:
panic(fmt.Sprintf("Can't handle %#v", v.Interface()))
}
}
// tryCustom searches for custom handlers, and returns true iff it finds a match
// and successfully randomizes v.
func (fc *fuzzerContext) tryCustom(v reflect.Value) bool {
// First: see if we have a fuzz function for it.
doCustom, ok := fc.fuzzer.fuzzFuncs[v.Type()]
if !ok {
// Second: see if it can fuzz itself.
if v.CanInterface() {
intf := v.Interface()
if fuzzable, ok := intf.(Interface); ok {
fuzzable.Fuzz(Continue{fc: fc, Rand: fc.fuzzer.r})
return true
}
}
// Finally: see if there is a default fuzz function.
doCustom, ok = fc.fuzzer.defaultFuzzFuncs[v.Type()]
if !ok {
return false
}
}
switch v.Kind() {
case reflect.Ptr:
if v.IsNil() {
if !v.CanSet() {
return false
}
v.Set(reflect.New(v.Type().Elem()))
}
case reflect.Map:
if v.IsNil() {
if !v.CanSet() {
return false
}
v.Set(reflect.MakeMap(v.Type()))
}
default:
return false
}
doCustom.Call([]reflect.Value{v, reflect.ValueOf(Continue{
fc: fc,
Rand: fc.fuzzer.r,
})})
return true
}
// Interface represents an object that knows how to fuzz itself. Any time we
// find a type that implements this interface we will delegate the act of
// fuzzing itself.
type Interface interface {
Fuzz(c Continue)
}
// Continue can be passed to custom fuzzing functions to allow them to use
// the correct source of randomness and to continue fuzzing their members.
type Continue struct {
fc *fuzzerContext
// For convenience, Continue implements rand.Rand via embedding.
// Use this for generating any randomness if you want your fuzzing
// to be repeatable for a given seed.
*rand.Rand
}
// Fuzz continues fuzzing obj. obj must be a pointer.
func (c Continue) Fuzz(obj interface{}) {
v := reflect.ValueOf(obj)
if v.Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
panic("needed ptr!")
}
v = v.Elem()
c.fc.doFuzz(v, 0)
}
// FuzzNoCustom continues fuzzing obj, except that any custom fuzz function for
// obj's type will not be called and obj will not be tested for fuzz.Interface
// conformance. This applies only to obj and not other instances of obj's
// type.
func (c Continue) FuzzNoCustom(obj interface{}) {
v := reflect.ValueOf(obj)
if v.Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
panic("needed ptr!")
}
v = v.Elem()
c.fc.doFuzz(v, flagNoCustomFuzz)
}
// RandString makes a random string up to 20 characters long. The returned string
// may include a variety of (valid) UTF-8 encodings.
func (c Continue) RandString() string {
return randString(c.Rand)
}
// RandUint64 makes random 64 bit numbers.
// Weirdly, rand doesn't have a function that gives you 64 random bits.
func (c Continue) RandUint64() uint64 {
return randUint64(c.Rand)
}
// RandBool returns true or false randomly.
func (c Continue) RandBool() bool {
return randBool(c.Rand)
}
func fuzzInt(v reflect.Value, r *rand.Rand) {
v.SetInt(int64(randUint64(r)))
}
func fuzzUint(v reflect.Value, r *rand.Rand) {
v.SetUint(randUint64(r))
}
func fuzzTime(t *time.Time, c Continue) {
var sec, nsec int64
// Allow for about 1000 years of random time values, which keeps things
// like JSON parsing reasonably happy.
sec = c.Rand.Int63n(1000 * 365 * 24 * 60 * 60)
c.Fuzz(&nsec)
*t = time.Unix(sec, nsec)
}
var fillFuncMap = map[reflect.Kind]func(reflect.Value, *rand.Rand){
reflect.Bool: func(v reflect.Value, r *rand.Rand) {
v.SetBool(randBool(r))
},
reflect.Int: fuzzInt,
reflect.Int8: fuzzInt,
reflect.Int16: fuzzInt,
reflect.Int32: fuzzInt,
reflect.Int64: fuzzInt,
reflect.Uint: fuzzUint,
reflect.Uint8: fuzzUint,
reflect.Uint16: fuzzUint,
reflect.Uint32: fuzzUint,
reflect.Uint64: fuzzUint,
reflect.Uintptr: fuzzUint,
reflect.Float32: func(v reflect.Value, r *rand.Rand) {
v.SetFloat(float64(r.Float32()))
},
reflect.Float64: func(v reflect.Value, r *rand.Rand) {
v.SetFloat(r.Float64())
},
reflect.Complex64: func(v reflect.Value, r *rand.Rand) {
panic("unimplemented")
},
reflect.Complex128: func(v reflect.Value, r *rand.Rand) {
panic("unimplemented")
},
reflect.String: func(v reflect.Value, r *rand.Rand) {
v.SetString(randString(r))
},
reflect.UnsafePointer: func(v reflect.Value, r *rand.Rand) {
panic("unimplemented")
},
}
// randBool returns true or false randomly.
func randBool(r *rand.Rand) bool {
if r.Int()&1 == 1 {
return true
}
return false
}
type charRange struct {
first, last rune
}
// choose returns a random unicode character from the given range, using the
// given randomness source.
func (r *charRange) choose(rand *rand.Rand) rune {
count := int64(r.last - r.first)
return r.first + rune(rand.Int63n(count))
}
var unicodeRanges = []charRange{
{' ', '~'}, // ASCII characters
{'\u00a0', '\u02af'}, // Multi-byte encoded characters
{'\u4e00', '\u9fff'}, // Common CJK (even longer encodings)
}
// randString makes a random string up to 20 characters long. The returned string
// may include a variety of (valid) UTF-8 encodings.
func randString(r *rand.Rand) string {
n := r.Intn(20)
runes := make([]rune, n)
for i := range runes {
runes[i] = unicodeRanges[r.Intn(len(unicodeRanges))].choose(r)
}
return string(runes)
}
// randUint64 makes random 64 bit numbers.
// Weirdly, rand doesn't have a function that gives you 64 random bits.
func randUint64(r *rand.Rand) uint64 {
return uint64(r.Uint32())<<32 | uint64(r.Uint32())
}